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Department of Linguistics
9201 Robert
C. Brown Hall,
778.782.4585 Tel, 778.782.5659 Fax, lingdept@sfu.ca,
Chair
- T.A. Perry BA (Wabash), MA, PhD (Indiana)
Professors Emeriti
- F.J. Pelletier BS, MA (Nebraska), MSc, MSc (Alta), PhD (Calif), Canada Research Chair
- E.W. Roberts BA (Wales), MA, PhD (Camb)
Professors
- D.B. Gerdts BA (Missouri), MA (Br Col), PhD (Calif)
- M. Munro BEd, MSc, PhD (Alta)
Associate Professors
- E.J. Fee BA, MA, PhD (Br Col)
- C-H. Han BA (Ewha), MA, PhD (Penn)
- N. Hedberg BA, PhD (Minn)
- T. Heift I and II Staatsexamen (Weingarten), MA, PhD (S Fraser)
- S.K. Hilgendorf BA (Calif State), MA, PhD (Ill)
- P. McFetridge BA, MA, PhD (S Fraser), Associate Dean of Arts and Social Sciences
- Z. McRobbie UDipl, Dipl, PhD (Eötvös Loránd, Budapest), PhD (Manit)
- J.D. Mellow BA (Calg), MA (McG), PhD (Br Col)
- T.A. Perry BA (Wabash), MA, PhD (Indiana)
- J.M. Sosa ProfLit&Ling (Venezuela Central), MA (Lond), PhD (Mass)
- M. Taboada BA, MA (Complutense, Madrid), MSc (Carnegie-Mellon), PhD (Complutense, Madrid)
Assistant Professors
- J. Alderete BA, MA (Calif), PhD (Mass)
- P. Pappas BA (St John’s, Maryland), PhD (Ohio State)
- Y. Wang BA, MA (NTNU), MA, PhD (Cornell)
Adjunct Professors
- F.J. Newmeyer BA, MA (Roch), PhD (Ill)
- K. Shahin BA, MA (Vic, BC), PhD (Br Col)
Senior Lecturers
- C. Burgess BA, MA, PhD (S Fraser), LLB (Br Col)
- M. Escudero BA, MA (S Fraser), PhD (Br Col)
- S. Fleming BA (Br Col), MA (S Fraser)
- I. Galloway BA, MA (Manc), MA (C’dia)
- B. Ng BA (Intl Christian, Japan), MA (Lond)
- N. Omae MA (Osaka), MPhil (Exe)
- L. Zuccolo BA (Arg), MA (S Fraser)
Lecturers
- S.M. Russell BA (Br Col), MA (S Fraser)
- M. Sevier BA (Wash), MA (California State)
Faculty Associated with the Program
- M. Boelscher Ignace, First Nations Studies Program, Department of Sociology and Anthropology
- F. Popowich, School of Computing Science
Advisors
- Ms. L. Jung BA (S Fraser), 8109 Robert C. Hall, (for Language Training Institute, certificate in Spanish language, and certificate in German studies advising only), 778.782.4790, llj@sfu.ca
- Ms. R. Parmar BA (S Fraser), 9200 Robert C. Brown Hall, 778.782.5739, parmar@sfu.ca
- Ms. L. Yam BA (S Fraser), certificate in First Nations language proficiency, and joint major in First Nations studies and linguistics advisor, 9089 Arts and Social Sciences Complex 1, 778.782.5595, first_nations@sfu.ca
The Department of Linguistics offers honors, major, extended minor and minor programs in linguistics and participates in the cognitive science program.
Program requirements for the honors, major, extended minor and minor programs are listed below. Students pursuing linguistics should seek advice early in their programs. General course descriptions are given in Undergraduate Courses.
Courses of Interest to Students Outside the Department
These general interest courses give insight into language and linguistics, and have no prerequisites.
LING 100-3 Communication and Language
LING 110-3 The Wonder of Words
LING 160-3 Language, Culture, and Society
LING 200-3 Introduction to the Description of English Grammar
LING 220-3 Introduction to Linguistics
LING 290-3 The Science of Speech
LING 295-3 Language and the Law
The following courses have no prerequisites and may interest those with particular language specialties (when they focus on the language of their interest).
LING 231-3 Introduction to a First Nations Language I
LING 232-3 Introduction to a First Nations Language II
LING 431-3 Language Structures I
LING 432-3 Language Structures II
The selected focus languages for these courses are shown in the Undergraduate Schedule of Classes and Examinations.
Writing, Quantitative, and Breadth Requirements
Students completing degree programs must fulfil writing, quantitative and breadth requirements. See “Writing, Quantitative, and Breadth Requirements” on page 7. For the faculty’s requirements, see “Writing, Quantitative, and Breadth Requirements” on page 88.
An overall 2.25 cumulative GPA and a minimum C grade in LING 220 is required for admission to the major and all joint major programs.
Lower Division Requirements
Students complete all of
LING 220-3 Introduction to Linguistics
LING 221-3 Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
LING 222-3 Introduction to Syntax
plus six additional lower division linguistics units.
Upper Division Requirements
Students complete both of
LING 321-3 Phonology
LING 322-3 Syntax
plus one of
LING 301W-3 Linguistic Argumentation
LING 309W-3 Sociolinguistics
plus any two of
LING 323-3 Morphology
LING 324-3 Semantics
LING 330-3 Phonetics
plus 15 additional upper division linguistics units.
An overall cumulative GPA of 3.0 and a minimum C grade in LING 220 is required for admission.
Lower Division Requirements
Students complete all of
LING 220-3 Introduction to Linguistics
LING 221-3 Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
LING 222-3 Introduction to Syntax
plus six additional lower division linguistics units.
Upper Division Requirements
Students complete all of
LING 321-3 Phonology
LING 322-3 Syntax
LING 490-3 Honors Essay
plus one of
LING 301W-3 Linguistic Argumentation
LING 309W-3 Sociolinguistics
plus any two of
LING 323-3 Morphology
LING 324-3 Semantics
LING 330-3 Phonetics
plus 33 additional upper division linguistics units.
A cumulative GPA of 2.00 and a minimum C grade in LING 220 is required for admission.
Lower Division Requirements
Students complete
LING 220-3 Introduction to Linguistics
plus 12 additional units in lower division linguistics
Upper Division Requirements
Students complete 15 upper division linguistics units.
Note: General course descriptions are given in the Undergraduate Courses section (page 123).
An extended minor consists of the lower division requirements for a major and the upper division requirements for a minor. Certain other criteria may be set by individual departments and programs. A student must have their program approved by the advisor for the extended minor program.
Computing Science and Linguistics Joint Major Program
See “Computing Science and Linguistics Joint Major Program” on page 80.
First Nations Studies and Linguistics Joint Major Program
See “First Nations Studies and Linguistics Joint Major Program” on page 109.
Linguistics and Anthropology Joint Major Program
An overall cumulative GPA of 2.25 and a minimum C grade in LING 220 is required for admission.
Linguistics and anthropology are kindred disciplines, each concerned with culture, cognition and social relations. Students will acquire multidisciplinary expertise in anthropological aspects of language.
The joint major is of special interest to those pursuing the certificate in First Nations language proficiency or the certificate in native studies research, as well as to students interested in the anthropology of language, anthropological linguistics, or cognitive science.
Lower Division Requirements
Anthropology
Students complete all of
SA 101-4 Introduction to Anthropology (A)
SA 201W-4 Anthropology and Contemporary Life (A)
SA 255-4 Introduction to Social Research (S or A)
plus two additional 200 division courses in anthropology and/or sociology.
Linguistics
Students complete
LING 220-3 Introduction to Linguistics
plus one of
LING 130-3 Practical Phonetics
LING 221-3 Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
plus one of
LING 160-3 Language, Culture, and Society
LING 241-3 Languages of the World
plus six additional units in 100 and 200 division LING courses. Note that LING 222 is required for many upper division courses.
Upper Division Requirements
Anthropology
Students complete both of
SA 301-4 Contemporary Ethnography (A)
SA 356W-4 Ethnography and Qualitative Methods (S or A)
plus 12 additional upper division units chosen from the Calendar list of anthropology (A), or (S or A) courses when they are designated as anthropology.
Linguistics
Students complete three of
LING 321-3 Phonology
LING 322-3 Syntax
LING 323-3 Morphology
LING 324-3 Semantics
LING 330-3 Phonetics
LING 331-3 Description and Analysis of a First Nations Language I
plus one of
LING 309W-3 Sociolinguistics
LING 332-3 Description and Analysis of a First Nations Language II
LING 408-3 Field Linguistics
plus nine additional upper division LING units. The following courses are recommended.
LING 407-3 Historical Linguistics
LING 430-3 Native American Languages
LING 441-3 Linguistic Universals and Typology
Certificate in First Nations Language Proficiency
This program is for students who wish to acquire conversational and literacy skills in a particular First Nations language, to teach this language in schools, or to enhance their language for cultural reasons or professional objectives.
The certificate consists of 27 units. At least 12 must be earned by completing courses in the First Nations language itself. The certificate can be completed on a full or part time basis. Advanced placement through course challenge to a maximum of nine units is possible for fluent speakers. Credit may be applied to a specific language and is achieved by examination from an instructor in that language with the approval of the department.
Program Requirements
Students complete or achieve equivalent credit for the following.
LING 130-3 Practical Phonetics
LING 220-3 Introduction to Linguistics
LING 231-3 Introduction to a First Nations Language I*
LING 232-3 Introduction to a First Nations Language II*
LING 331-3 Description and Analysis of a First Nations Language*
LING 332-3 Description and Analysis of a First Nations Language II*
In addition, students must complete at least nine units selected from the following courses.
LING 160-3 Language, Culture and Society
LING 241-3 Languages of the World
LING 280-3 First Nations Language Immersion
LING 335-3 Topics in First Nations Language I
LING 360-3 Linguistics and Language Teaching
LING 430-3 Native American Languages
LING 431-3 Language Structures I*
LING 432-3 Language Structures II*
LING 433-3 First Nations Language Mentoring I*
LING 434-3 First Nations Language Mentoring II*
LING 435-3 Topics in First Nations Language II
*may be used if the subject matter is the same First Nations language
This program serves both full and part time students, and those seeking educational enrichment in areas related to the establishment and evolution of German humanism from the Reformation to modern times. The certificate may be completed concurrently with, and complements, major and minor programs in areas such as history, humanities, philosophy and political science.
The program requires basic proficiency in the German language (writing, reading, listening and speaking), and is intended for students who wish to pursue further studies in literature, history, philosophy and political science, and may be completed in conjunction with a degree program. Those students planning to obtain a bachelor of arts within the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS) may complete the certificate in such a way that some of the FASS breadth requirements are fulfilled by the same courses. Courses used toward the certificate may also be used toward a major and minor.
This program requires a minimum of 21 units as stipulated below.
Course Requirements
Students complete four German language courses including all of
GERM 102-3 Introductory German I
GERM 103-3 Introductory German II
GERM 201-3 Intermediate German I
and a minimum of three courses selected from the following list, or other courses with the approval of the Language Training Institute.
ENGL 392-4 Studies in World Literatures in English*
FPA 137-3 The History and Aesthetics of Cinema II*
FPA 337-3 Intermediate Selected Topics in Film and Video Studies*
HIST 224-3 Europe from the French Revolution to the First World War
HIST 225-3 20th Century Europe
HIST 332-4 Politics and Culture in Modern Germany
HIST 337-4 The Balance of Power in Europe
HIST 338-4 World War II
HIST 401-4 Problems in Modern German History
HIST 412-4 Marxism and the Writing of History
HIST 414-4 The Impact of the Great War
HUM 240-3 Studies in Modern European Culture*
HUM 307-4 Carolingian Civilization
HUM 340-4 Great Cities in Their Time*
HUM 350-4 Great Figures in Humanistic Tradition*
PHIL 151-3 History of Philosophy II
PHIL 280-3 Introduction to Existentialism
PHIL 451-4 Kant
POL 348-4 Theories of War, Peace and conflict Resolution*
POL 444-4 Politics and Foreign Policy of the European Union
*may be used if the subject is primarily Germany and its people (literature, film and/or video, great historical figures, etc.); requires program director’s approval
Note: it is the student’s responsibility to ensure that all prerequisites are met
Transfer Credit
A maximum of six transfer credit units of 100 division language courses (only GERM 102 and 103) may be used toward this certificate.
Course Challenge Credit
A maximum of six units of 100 division language courses (only GERM 102 and 103) may be challenged for credit for this certificate.
Certificate in Teaching ESL Linguistics
This certificate is for students seeking a basic introduction to principles and theory underlying current approaches to the teaching of English as a second language (TESL). The program emphasizes an understanding of linguistics and applied linguistics concepts. Successful completion of a 30 hour practicum in an adult ESL program is also required. The certificate requires at least four to five terms to complete and may be earned concurrently with an honors, major, extended minor or minor in linguistics.
While the certificate by itself is not a specific employment credential, it constitutes basic preparation for teaching English language skills to adult learners. The certificate also provides preparation for further applied linguistics and TESL studies. Those pursuing a long-term TESL career should plan to complete more advanced studies upon completion of the program. Monolingual students are strongly advised to complete at least two courses (six units) in a language other than English.
Admission Requirements
Admission is not automatic. All candidates must complete and submit the required application form (available from the department) with a statement of purpose and all other required documents prior to one of three deadlines (September 30, January 31, May 31). An interview with a designated linguistics department member is also required.
Prospective students may begin completing certificate courses prior to program admission. However, students are strongly advised to apply as soon as possible after completing LING 200, 220 and an upper division course, preferably in linguistics, with a minimum C- grade. Those who delay may be unable to enrol in the required courses at the desired time.
In addition to the University’s admission requirements, students must demonstrate excellent spoken and written English. This requirement is more stringent than the University’s minimum English language requirement. Students whose first language is not English should consult the department well in advance of applying. Oral communication skills will be assessed during the interview.
Applications are evaluated on merit. The department considers academic standing, communication skills as assessed in the interview, interests and motivations in the statement of purpose, and personal qualities. Priority is given to those enrolled in a Simon Fraser University degree program.
Program Requirements
The program requires successful completion of 31 units as set out below, with a minimum 2.00 GPA calculated on grades in the specified required courses. Students also must complete a supervised practicum (LING 363) which includes 25 to 30 units of experience in an adult ESL classroom.
Lower Division
Required courses
Students complete all of
LING 110-3 The Wonder of Words
LING 200-3 Introduction to the Description of English Grammar
LING 220-3 Introduction to Linguistics
LING 221-3 Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
12 units
plus two of
EDUC 220-3 Introduction to Educational Psychology
LING 100-3 Communication and Language
LING 160-3 Language, Culture, and Society
LING 241-3 Languages of the World 6 units
Upper Division
Required courses
Students complete all of
EDUC 467-4 Curriculum and Instruction in Teaching English as an Additional Language
LING 360-3 Linguistics and Language Teaching
LING 362-3 English as a Second Language: Theory
LING 363-3 English as a Second Language: Practice
13 units
Recommended Courses
EDUC 468-4 Sociocultural Perspectives on Language, Cognitive Development and EAL Instruction
LING 350-3 First Language Acquisition
Post Baccalaureate Diploma in Teaching English as a Second Language
This program is under revision and admission is suspended. Contact the department.
The Department of Linguistics and the Faculty of Education jointly offer this program. Students should apply to the advisor for program admission and should seek University admission separately. Applicants will be admitted by the joint steering committee consisting of members of the Department of Linguistics and the Faculty of Education under the following general requirements.
• completion of a bachelor’s degree
• demonstrated knowledge of spoken and written English. See “English Language and Literacy Admission Requirement, and Quantitative and Analytical Skills Requirement” on page 17.
• an undergraduate concentration in one or more related disciplines such as linguistics, education, English or psychology. Completion of the certificate in TESL linguistics, or equivalent fulfills this requirement. Students may be admitted once they complete LING 310 plus the general requirements.
• some academic training or demonstrated ability in a language other than English
Course Requirements
Students complete a 31 unit minimum chosen from linguistics, education, and individual and social development. The requirements are as follows.
Linguistics
The program requires an understanding of general linguistic theory and analysis principles, English language linguistic structure and acquaintance with structures of the languages of English learners.
Students complete 12 units in upper division linguistics courses, consisting of any two of
LING 321-3 Phonology
LING 322-3 Syntax
LING 323-3 Morphology
LING 324-3 Semantics
LING 330-3 Phonetics 6 units
Note: Students completing at least 12 units from the above list or equivalents must select approved substitutes from 400 division linguistics courses to fulfil the requirement of six units in this section.
plus any two of
LING 360-3 Linguistics and Language Teaching
LING 362-3 English as a Second Language: Theory
LING 408-3 Field Linguistics
LING 431-3 Language Structures I
LING 432-3 Language Structures II
LING 441-3 Language Universals and Typology
LING 480-3 Topics in Linguistics I (when offered with a suitable topic)
LING 481-3 Topics in Linguistics II (when offered with a suitable topic) 6 units
Note: Students who have already received credit for courses in this list through previous programs may not complete them for further credit.
Education
Students should be conversant with language pedagogy principles in various classroom situations, and have an understanding of testing and assessment principles in classroom settings. Also required are practical classroom skills specific to teaching English to non-native speakers.
Students complete both of
EDUC 467-4 Curriculum and Instruction in Teaching English as a Second Language
EDUC 470-4 Experience in Teaching Students Who Have Limited English Proficiency 8 units
Note: Only students who have a current teaching placement should enrol in EDUC 470. In exceptional circumstances, alternative arrangements may be made after consultation with the steering committee.
plus 8-12 units chosen from the following
EDUC 325-3 Assessment for Classroom Teaching
EDUC 341-3 Literacy, Education and Culture
EDUC 342-3 Contemporary Approaches to Literacy Instruction
EDUC 367-4 Teaching Children from Minority Language Backgrounds in Elementary Classrooms
EDUC 422-4 Learning Disabilities
EDUC 424-4 Learning Disabilities: Laboratory
EDUC 468-4 Cognition and Language in ESL Instruction 8-12 units
Note: Those with credit for courses in this list through previous programs may not complete them again for further credit. Those with prior credit for EDUC 467 or the equivalent must select an alternative from this list.
Individual and Social Development
Theories of human development and language use, their implications for the classroom, and of the sociocultural context of learners and speakers represents a basic component in the preparation for language teaching.
Students complete any one of the following courses that has not been completed previously.
EDUC 320-3 Instructional Psychology
EDUC 326-3 Classroom Management and Discipline
EDUC 420-4 Cognitive Strategies in Learning
EDUC 422-4 Learning Disabilities
EDUC 425-4 School Counselling for the Classroom Teacher
EDUC 441-4 Multicultural Education
LING 309W-3 Sociolinguistics
LING 350-3 First Language Acquisition
SA 400-4 Canadian Ethnic Minorities 3-4 units
www.sfu.ca/lti
Director
(to be announced)
Associated Faculty
M. Escudero, Department of Linguistics
I. Galloway, Department of Linguistics
T. Heift, Department of Linguistics
B. Ng, Department of Linguistics
N. Omae, Department of Linguistics
M. Sevier, Department of Linguistics
L. Zuccolo, Department of Linguistics
Advisor
Ms. L. Jung BA (S Fraser), 8109 Robert C. Brown Hall, 778.782.4790, lisa_jung@sfu.ca
The Language Training Institute offers courses in Mandarin Chinese (CHIN), German (GERM), modern Greek (GRK), Japanese (JAPN), Spanish (SPAN), as well as other languages under the general language course designation (LANG).
LANG 100-149 (1-5) Introduction to a World Language I
LANG 150-199 (1-5) Introduction to a World Language II
LANG 200-249 (1-5) Intermediate Language Study I
LANG 250-299 (1-5) Intermediate Language Study II
Students with language competence beyond the course level in which they are enrolled will be required to withdraw. Students who are unsure of their language level are responsible for having their proficiency assessed prior to enrolment. Inquire at the Language Training Institute about the procedure.
Students who have completed, within the last two years, grade 12 in German, Japanese, Farsi or Spanish will not be admitted to 91ÅÝܽ GERM 102, 104, JAPN 100, LANG 118 or SPAN 102 for credit.
Students with high school Mandarin up to grade 12 will not be admitted to any 100 or 200 Chinese language course. Students who read and write Chinese but speak a dialect other than Mandarin should complete CHIN 151 or 152.
Refer to each language course outline for details.
The department reserves the right to withdraw or to transfer a student to a higher level course should the language proficiency of the student prove greater than initially supposed.
Contact the Language Training Institute for information about current specific language offerings.
Other departments providing language instruction include the Department of French (FREN and ITAL) (page 111) and the Department of Linguistics (LING, for First Nations languages) (page 123).
Spanish
Up to 12 lower division Spanish units may be challenged for credit. Students wishing to challenge any or all of these must enrol in the courses to be challenged and in a Spanish language course for which the course(s) challenged is a prerequisite. A minimum grade of C in the higher course must be obtained to receive challenge credit.
Chinese
Up to six lower division Chinese units may be challenged for credit. Students wishing to challenge any or all of these must register in the courses to be challenged and in a Chinese language course for which the course(s) challenged is a prerequisite. A minimum grade of C in the higher course must be obtained to receive challenge credit.
Japanese
Up to six lower division Japanese units may be challenged for credit. Students wishing to challenge any or all of these must register in the courses to be challenged and in a Japanese language course for which the course(s) challenged is a prerequisite. A minimum grade of C in the higher course must be obtained to receive challenge credit.
German
Up to six lower division German units may be challenged for credit. Students wishing to challenge any or all of these must register in the courses to be challenged and in a German language course for which the course(s) challenged is a prerequisite. A minimum grade of C in the higher course must be obtained to receive challenge credit.
7403 Robert C. Brown Hall, 778.782.4698 Tel,
The centre provides instructional support for language teaching through lab facilities, materials library, language instructors and student consultation. A multimedia language lab provides integrated computer, audio, and video resources in separate classroom and drop-in facilities.
Certificate in Spanish Language
This program is for elementary and secondary school teachers, and undergraduates, wishing to improve Spanish oral and written proficiency. [Note that Spanish is not considered a ‘teachable subject’ for professional development program (secondary) application.] It is also for those who want to enhance their Spanish language knowledge for cultural, professional or employment purposes, or who desire official certification of Spanish proficiency. However, the certificate in Spanish language is not meant for native Spanish speakers.
Courses are offered during the day and evening. Additionally, a sequential course offering is scheduled, subject to sufficient enrolment, at the Vancouver campus each term.
Requirements
Students successfully complete all of
SPAN 102-3 Introductory Spanish I
SPAN 103-3 Introductory Spanish II
SPAN 201-3 Intermediate Spanish I
SPAN 202-3 Intermediate Spanish II
SPAN 204-3 Spanish Vocabulary
SPAN 302-3 Spanish Conversation Through Cinema
SPAN 303-3 Spanish Composition, Translation and Conversation
SPAN 304-3 Advanced Spanish Composition, Translation and Conversation
plus two of
SPAN 301 Advanced Spanish Grammar and Writing
SPAN 305-3 Spanish for Business
SPAN 306-3 Spanish-English Translation
Notes: Exemption of up to 12 units from lower division Spanish language courses (SPAN 102, 103, 201 and 202 only) is possible through advanced placement. Students must demonstrate equivalent preparation. The exempt courses are replaced with credit obtained by
• approved transfer credit for Spanish courses completed at another post-secondary institution (subject to University regulations governing transfer credit approval), up to a maximum of six units
or
• challenge credit for exempted courses (subject to University regulations governing challenge credit approval), up to a maximum of six units
and/or
• successful completion of other Spanish courses at 91ÅÝܽ.
Students who hope to gain exemption should consult the Language Training Institute departmental assistant early in their program. Certificate credit may apply toward degree requirements under normal regulations but cannot be applied toward another 91ÅÝܽ certificate or diploma.
Co-operative Education
This program, for qualified students to acquire practical experience in linguistics, entails planned study and work terms. For admission, students must normally have completed 30 units, including LING 130 and 220, and three other LING courses. At least 15 of the 30 units must be completed at 91ÅÝܽ with a minimum CGPA of 2.75.
College transfer students must complete at least 15 91ÅÝܽ units before becoming eligible for co-op education admission and must satisfy the requirements given above, or their equivalents. College transfers who participated in co-op programs elsewhere may be credited with completed term(s). The applicability of such terms depends on the evaluation of the department.
The following four courses are completed during four work terms.
LING 370-0 Linguistics Practicum I
LING 371-0 Linguistics Practicum II
LING 470-0 Linguistics Practicum III
LING 471-0 Linguistics Practicum IV
Work term arrangements are made through the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences co-op co-ordinator at least one term in advance (see page 212). To continue in the program, students must maintain a minimum 2.75 CGPA in academic course work. Contact the department for further information.
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